Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. Evaluating the perf

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) present a sophisticated method for treating wastewater. Unlike traditional bioreactors, MABRs employ a unique combination of membrane aeration and microbial processes to achieve optimal treatment efficiency. Within an MABR system, oxygen is transferred directly through the biofilm that house a dense population o